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Recent data have shown that the immune protection evoked by vaccines given in the first years of life progressively weakens, and that this is associated with a higher than expected incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases in adolescents and young adults. Furthermore, the greater circulation of pathogens among adolescents and young adults leads to a high risk of infection in unvaccinated or not fully...
The majority of industrialized and some developing countries have established National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups (NITAGs). To enable systematic global monitoring of the existence and functionality of NITAGs, in 2011, WHO and UNICEF included related questions in the WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form (JRF) that provides an official means to globally collect indicators of immunization program...
To develop an inactivated vaccine against subgroup B avian leukosis virus (ALV-B) and determine if vaccination of chicken breeders could protect young chicks from ALV-B horizontal infection at early stage and accelerate eradication progress.Chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells were inoculated with SDAU09C2 strain of ALV-B and ALV-CEF was inactivated for preparation of oil-adjuvant vaccine. Eggs were...
The efficacy of vaccinating poultry against histomonosis was demonstrated recently. In the present study, the reversion to virulence and the residual pathogenicity of an in vitro attenuated, clonal strain of Histomonas meleagridis were tested in two consecutive experiments. The European Pharmcopoeia (Ph. Eur.) monograph for testing such features for coccidiosis live vaccines in chickens has served...
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically devastating epizootic of porcine species. Current vaccines are inadequate to control the disease burden and outbreaks in the field. We report a novel baculovirus vaccine vector with White spot syndrome virus immediate early 1 shuttle promoter, with strong activity in both insect cells and mammalian cells, for immunization against...
Hemodialysis patients are at increased risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are commonly hyporesponsive to HBV vaccines. Current recommendations for CKD patients are to utilize 4 double-doses (2×20mcg HBsAg) of a licensed hepatitis B vaccine (HBsAg-Eng).An observer-blind, randomized, active-controlled, parallel group, multicenter trial was conducted...
Pneumococcal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines represent major progress in the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease in the paediatric population. We performed a meta-analysis, in accordance with the PRISMA statement, in order to assess the immunogenicity and safety of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in infants. A literary...
Given the concurrent administration of multiple vaccines during routine pediatric immunizations, efforts to elucidate the potential interference of any vaccine on the immune response to the concomitantly administered antigens are fundamental to prelicensure clinical research.This phase 3 randomized controlled trial of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) versus 7-valent PCV (PCV7) assessed...
Pertussis (whooping cough) is a severe infectious disease in infants less than 6 months old. Mass vaccination programmes have been unable to halt transmission effectively. Strategies to protect new-borns against infection include vaccination of the neonate or the mother directly after birth (cocooning), or the mother during pregnancy (maternal). Here we investigate the cost-effectiveness of these...
HIV-1 envelope gp120 is the target for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against the virus. Various approaches have been explored to improve immunogenicity of broadly neutralizing epitopes on this antigen with limited success. We previously demonstrated that immunogenicity of gp120 and especially its V3 epitopes was enhanced when gp120 was co-administered as immune-complex vaccines with monoclonal antibodies...
Incomplete and delayed vaccination is a barrier to individual and population protection from vaccine-preventable diseases. We aimed to assess visit frequency and pattern in relation to vaccination status in a Swiss cohort of 2-year-old children in order to review opportunities for completion of scheduled immunizations.A retrospective dynamic cohort study design involving children insured with a single...
To examine the effect of chemotherapy for ovarian cancer on immunologic function and to define the effect on the serologic response to the influenza vaccine.Under IRB approved protocols, patients with ovarian cancer were administered seasonal trivalent killed influenza vaccines. Peripheral blood was collected for immunologic assessments. Serum was analyzed for hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody...
The currently licensed hepatitis B vaccines have limitations including hyporesponsiveness in older adults, poor compliance, and the extended time for most persons to develop seroprotection (e.g. >6months). A vaccine containing HBsAg combined with a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist adjuvant (HBsAg-1018) has been developed to overcome these limitations.A Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, subject- and...
Every year, approximately 10–20% of the world's population is infected with influenza viruses, resulting in a significant number of outpatient and hospital visits and substantial economic burden both on health care systems and society. With recently updated WHO recommendations on influenza vaccination and broadening vaccine production, policy makers in middle- and low-income countries will need data...
There are limited summary data published on the risk of fever and febrile seizures in children following influenza vaccination.We performed a review of the risk of fever and febrile seizures following receipt of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) in children aged ≥6 months to <36 months, searching PubMED and Google Scholar for English language articles from 2000 onwards, and initiated...
Changes in population health status are known to influence government fiscal transfers both in terms of lost tax revenue and increased expenditure for health and social services. To estimate the fiscal impact of changes in morbidity and mortality attributed to rotavirus immunisation, we developed a government perspective model to estimate discounted net tax revenue for Ghana and Vietnam. The model...
This review focuses on the immunization of animals as a means of preventing human diseases (zoonoses). Three frameworks for the use of vaccines in this context are described, and examples are provided of successes and failures. Framework I vaccines are used for protection of humans and economically valuable animals, where neither plays a role in the transmission cycle. The benefit of collaborations...
Background: In Taiwan, two rotavirus vaccines are available on the private market, but are not included in the National Immunization Program (NIP). To help assess whether to include rotavirus vaccines in the NIP, we examined the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of vaccination, from the health care system perspective alone. Methods: We used a Microsoft Excel-based model to assess rotavirus vaccination...
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